Importantly, the results also suggest that some of these effects may only be detected by using more sensitive measures, such as pupil dilation. No such effects were found for university entropy.ĭiscussion: These results point to the social diversity of bilinguals’ language use as being associated with executive control, but the direction of the effects may depend on social context (university vs. Mixing costs in RTs were reduced for bilinguals with higher diversity of language use in non-university contexts. However, bilinguals with more compartmentalized language use in non-university contexts showed a larger difference in pupil dilation for switch trials in comparison with non-switch trials. Neither university entropy nor non-university entropy were associated with switching costs as manifested in RTs. Results: Higher university entropy was related to slower global RT. In addition, this study innovatively recorded a potentially more sensitive measure of set shifting abilities, namely, pupil size during task performance. Reaction times (RTs) were measured to calculate global RT and switching and mixing costs on the CSST, representing conflict monitoring, mental set shifting, and goal maintenance, respectively. Methods: Language entropy for university and non-university contexts was calculated from questionnaire data on language use. This continuous measure reflects a spectrum of language use in a variety of social contexts, ranging from compartmentalized use to fully integrated use. Crucially, this study used language entropy as a measure of bilinguals’ language use patterns. To further examine this, the present study relates the social diversity of bilingual language use to performance on a color-shape switching task (CSST) in a group of bilingual university students with diverse linguistic backgrounds. ) The most disorderly possibilities are also the most likely, with 20 out of 32 possibilities for the 3 heads and 2 tails and its reverse.Introduction: It has been proposed that bilinguals’ language use patterns are differentially associated with executive control. The most disorderly possibilities are 3 heads and 2 tails and its reverse. ) They are also the least likely, only 2 out of 32 possibilities. (They are more structured than the others. The two most orderly possibilities are 5 heads or 5 tails. Otherwise, the analysis will be erroneous. Note that all of these conclusions are based on the crucial assumption that each microstate is equally probable. For example, 4 heads and 1 tail instance may occur on 5 different configurations, with any one of the 5 coins showing tail and all the rest heads. The following table shows all possibilities along with numbers of possible configurations (or microstate a detailed description of every element of a system). On the large scale, we are concerned only with the total heads and tails and not with the order in which heads and tails appear. What are the possible outcomes of tossing 5 coins? Each coin can land either heads or tails. This result, which has general validity, means that the total change in entropy for a system in any reversible process is zero.
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